a. Efficacy: Death (PAC monitoring in critical care settings), length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, medical morbidities (e.g. cardiac or pulmonary events), duration of ventilation, quality of life using any quality of life measure of symptom relief, optimization of treatment (p. 12)<br>b. Safety: Associated with PAC use: Pneumothorax, bleeding, arrhythmia, infection, insertion complications, death, urgent surgery (p. 12)

bedside monitoring of cardiac output and volume status in critical care settings

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